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- February 1991
-
-
- PERSPECTIVE:
- THE PATROL FUNCTION
-
- By
-
- Patrick V. Murphy
- Former Police Commissioner of New York City
- Current Director of the Police Policy Board
- The United States Conference of Mayors
- Washington, DC
-
-
- American policing has improved substantially since a
- Presidential crime commission in 1967 identified a number of
- fundamental weaknesses. Officers today are better educated,
- departments are more representative of the populations they
- serve, and there is more restraint in the use of force. Yet,
- serious flaws remain.
-
- Specifically, there is much room for improvement in most
- departments with regard to organization, management, planning,
- policy, and effectiveness. The courage and dedication of
- hundreds of thousands of officers, as well as the
- professionalism of police administrators, cannot overcome the
- organizational flaws that weaken the police, especially with
- regard to their contribution to crime control and order
- maintenance.
-
- CRIME CONTROL
-
- In a democratic society, the responsibility for peace
- keeping and law observance rests with the community, not with
- the police. Well-trained police are required, but their role is
- to supplement and aid community efforts, not to supplant them.
- Unfortunately, urban police departments consistently have
- accepted a disproportionate share of the responsibility for
- maintaining social control. And, relying on police wisdom, the
- people have reacted by "not getting involved." However, it is
- officer-citizen teamwork that is the basic building block of
- crime control.
-
- Prevention is, by far, the largest component of crime
- control, and most crime prevention should be done by the people.
- Therefore, the efforts of the people need to be coordinated,
- planned, and well-directed. The challenge for the police
- administrator, then, is to structure a police department, with
- all of its responsibilities and complexities, to assist the
- people in exercising social control and protecting themselves.
-
- LESSONS LEARNED
-
- British research found more than 30 years ago that crime
- rates were lowest in villages with a single constable. When one
- officer had exclusive responsibility for protecting fewer than
- 1,000 people, the essential partnership of people and police was
- ideally formed. Police responsibility was clearly fixed in one
- individual rather than shared among many. The constable, who
- had full authority and discretion, became a respected leader.
- Results of initiatives taken by the police were easily observed
- and appreciated by a grateful community. In turn, the constable
- could enjoy the satisfaction of a job well done.
-
- Unfortunately, most U.S. police departments have drifted
- away from the organizational structure that allows patrol
- officers time for community interaction. Instead, the patrol
- car, radio, telephone, computerized dispatch, and unrealistic
- expectations for rapid response have made responding to calls
- for service the major component of patrol work, not managing
- crime prevention as it should be.
-
- A high-ranking official of a large city police department
- recently revealed that 90% of patrol officers' time is devoted
- to calls for service. And research findings indicate that a
- small percentage of such calls involve life-threatening
- situations or crimes in progress. What results is insufficient
- time on the part of the patrol officer to assist the people to
- protect themselves. Therefore, police administrators need to
- organize patrol personnel so that they can mobilize citizens
- into a force that controls crime and enforces established
- community values.
-
- REORGANIZING PATROL
-
- No aspect of reorganization is more important than properly
- structuring the patrol function. This should begin with a clear
- understanding of the purpose of patrol personnel, which is to
- provide the leadership to help people protect themselves, their
- homes, and their neighborhoods. For the most part, citizens
- should be the workers that the police depend on to get the job
- done. And, nothing less than the involvement of every
- generalist patrol officer (GPO) can generate sufficient
- participation of the people.
-
- In addition, a state-of-the-art program of "differential
- police response"(DPR) to calls, according to pre-established
- priorities, should recapture a large portion of the valuable
- time of officers to devote to their fundamental purpose.
- Differential police response involves screening calls by
- carefully trained operators. Few of these calls require an
- immediate dispatch. Most can be satisfactorily resolved by
- telephone, delayed dispatch, written information mailed to a
- citizen, or a written report mailed from a citizen. A
- comprehensive public education program is necessary to assure
- the people that the change will not diminish response to actual
- emergencies.
-
- THE GENERALIST PATROL OFFICER
-
- The most important position in a police department is the
- generalist patrol officer. GPOs manage the contributions of
- residents to crime prevention and social control and are the
- catalysts that generate citizen volunteer hours for every hour
- of officer duty time. They should be information processors,
- coordinators, planners, and leaders, because they can make a
- critical difference in reducing the anonymity of urban life that
- facilitates the success of criminals.
-
- Every rank, specialization, and position within a
- department should exist to support the GPO. In the past, law
- enforcement's efforts to specialize police functions reduced the
- number of patrol officers, which detracted from crime prevention
- and helped criminals take control of neighborhoods. Instead,
- the move should be for GPOs to get to know their communities.
-
- This can be accomplished by dividing a city into as many
- sub-beats as there are generalist patrol officers. In doing so,
- the protection of a small population (in the range of 1,000
- residents per GPO depending upon crime rate) can be made the
- individual responsibility of each. It obviously is easier for
- residents to interact with one rather than five officers. Close
- officer-citizen teamwork is then facilitated, and maximum
- participation of the people working together with their "own"
- officer strengthens social control. For urgent matters, when
- their "own" officer is not on duty, a beat team colleague can
- assist residents.
-
- BEAT TEAMS
-
- Officers assigned to a beat should be members of a team
- headed by a sergeant, the "neighborhood chief of police." This
- sergeant should have maximum flexibility in directing and
- scheduling personnel within the constraints of providing
- continuous patrol car service as required by department, area,
- or precinct policy. Ideally, the beat team will include a
- civilian collator/assistant to receive, evaluate, and
- disseminate, information--the lifeblood of police work.
-
- Since citizens are dependent on the police to exchange
- information with them about crime patterns, drug pushers, and
- known criminals, officers should have the responsibility to
- obtain reports of crime, suspicious activity, and the behavior
- of parolees/probationers and other intelligence from citizens on
- their beats. That information must be analyzed and disseminated
- to the people. A well-informed neighborhood community will be
- better prepared to protect itself and feed back useful
- intelligence to the beat team.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- Most police work is performed by patrol officers, who are
- critical to law enforcement's role in ensuring a free society.
- Patrolling is a complex, truly professional level of work.
- Properly organizing it within a large department, especially in
- areas with high rates of poverty, unemployment, school dropout,
- teenage parents, racial discrimination and the other root causes
- of crime, is challenging even for the most capable
- administrators.
-
- Mobilizing and assisting the people is the key to crime
- control, and prevention is the first priority. Law enforcement
- should be a fail-safe, but rarely used, device that kicks into
- effect only after prevention has failed.